Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is found in milk and other excretion products after aflatoxin B1 intake. AFM1 is carcinogenic to humans, and known levels of dairy product contamination is important to understand the risks to which the population is exposed. The occurrence of AFM1 was evaluated in 42 milk samples commercialized in Londrina, Parana State, Brazil and this rate of occurrence was used to estimate this exposure. AFM1 determina tion was ca rried out by ELISA, and was detected in 100 % samples at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.81 µ g/kg (mean 0.13 µ g/kg). None of the samples p resente d AFM1 above the maximum permitted level by Brazilian Legislation (0.5 µ g/kg for fluid milk and 5 µ g/kg for milk powder). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFM1 was evaluated, and the average intake was 0.468 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) for adolescents, 0.384 ng/kg b.w. for adults and 0.559 ng/kg b.w. for the elderly. Values of EDI of AFM1 found in Londrina pose a toxicological risk to the population investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on estimat ed AFM1 dietary exposure from Parana, Brazil.

Aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) e encontrada no leite e em outros produtos de excrecao apos o consumo de aflatoxina B1. AFM1 e carcinogenica para humanos, e avaliar os niveis de contaminacao em produtos lacteos e importante para conhecer os riscos aos quais a populacao esta exposta. A ocorrencia de AFM1 foi avaliada em 42 amostras de leite comercializadas em Londrina, Estado do Parana, Brasil, e sua ocorrencia foi utilizada para estimar sua exposicao. A determinacao de AFM1 foi avaliada por ELISA, e foi detectada em 100% das amostras, em niveis variando de 0,01 a 0,81 µ g/kg (media 0,13 µ g kg). Nenhuma das amostras apresentou niveis de AFM1 acima do maximo permitido pela Legislacao brasileira (0,5 µ g/kg para leite fluido e 5 µ g/kg para leite em po). A ingestao diaria estimada (IDE) de AFM1 foi avaliada, e a ingestao media foi de 0,468 ng/kg de peso corporal (p.c.)/dia para adolescentes, 0,384 ng/kg p.c./dia para adultos e 0,559 ng/kg p.c./dia para idosos. Valores de IDE de AFM1 encontrados em Londrina supoem um risco toxicologico para a populacao investigada. Do melhor do nosso conhecimento, este e o primeiro trabalho sobre a exposicao estimada de AFM1 do Parana, Brasil.

Introduction: Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder with many manifestations relating to hypothalamic insufficiency. One such feature is obesity associated with an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure due to hyperphagia and slow metabolic rate. Different procedures, as the use of appetite suppressants, surgical interventions and change in behavioral techniques have been used to try to limit food intake, but there is not convincing results about it. Aim: To compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) in PWS patients with obese patients without the syndrome matched by age and BMI (Body Mass Index). Subjects and methods: We conducted a comparative, observational and descriptive study in PWS and obese patients, matched for age, sex and BMI. RER was measured by indirect calorimerty and by anthropometry (BMI, skin-fold triceps and bíceps). A t-Student test for independent samples was used to demonstrate homogeneity between subjects and a series of ANCOVA analysis was performed on each of the parameters displayed by the indirect calorimetry. Results: Twenty mestizo-mexican patients, 10 with PWS and 10 with obesity were analyzed matched by age, BMI and gender. We found a statistically significant difference in the REE, the volume of oxygen (ml/min) and tidal volume (p <0.05). Conclusions: Prader Willy Syndrome per se produces changes in the REE in comparison with patients with only obesity.

Introducción: El síndrome de Prader Willi (SPW) es un trastorno genético complejo relacionado con insuficiencia hipotalámica. Una de las manifestaciones clínicas es la obesidad asociada a un desequilibrio entre la ingesta y el gasto energético, debido a la hiperfagia y a la baja tasa metabólica que presentan estos pacientes. Distintos procedimientos e intervenciones han sido utilizadas para tratar de limitar el consumo de alimentos, pero no hay resultados contundentes al respecto. Objetivo: Comparar el gasto energético en reposo (GER) de pacientes con SPW con pacientes obesos sin el Síndrome. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio comparativo observacional, transversal y descriptivo en pacientes con SPW y pacientes obesos sin SPW pareados por edad, sexo e IMC. Se midió por medio de calorimetría indirecta el GER de los pacientes, así como por antropometría, IMC, pliegue cutáneo de tríceps y bíceps. Se utilizó una prueba T de Student para muestras independientes que comprobara la homogeneidad de los pacientes y se realizó una serie de análisis de ANCOVA sobre cada uno de los parámetros de la calorimetría indirecta. Resultados: Se analizó 20 pacientes mestizo-mexicanos entre 2 y 26 anos: 10 pacientes con SPW y 10 controles obesos. Se identificó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el GER, resultando 17.67% menor en los sujetos con SPW; así también en el volumen de oxígeno (mil/min) y volumen TIDAL (p < 0.05). Conclusión: Pacientes con SPW per se producen modificaciones en el GER a lo largo de la vida en comparación con los pacientes con obesidad.